Sucesso e falha de extubação em recém-nascidos prematuros até 32 semanas de idade gestacional / Success and failure of extubation in premature newborns up to 32 weeks of gestational age

INTRODUÇÃO: Os benefícios da ventilação mecânica em neonatos prematuros se complementam com o sucesso na sua retirada. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os parâmetros ventilatórios e gasométricos pré extubação e identificar possíveis fatores que possam contribuir na decisão da extubação endotraqueal em recém-nascidos prematuros até 32 semanas. MÉTODOS: Tratase de um estudo prospectivo, de caráter observacional. A amostra do estudo foi selecionada de forma não probabilística. Foram incluídos prematuros com idade gestacional até 32 semanas, e em ventilação mecânica invasiva por no mínimo 24 horas. E os critérios de exclusão foram recém-nascidos com malformações, cardiopatias e os transferidos para outros hospitais antes da primeira extubação eletiva. Os dados sobre o diagnóstico clínico, dados vitais, parâmetros da ventilação mecânica e gasometria arterial, registrado em uma ficha elaborada pelos pesquisadores e coletados diariamente, uma vez por dia desde o primeiro dia de ventilação mecânica invasiva até o momento de retirada do tubo endotraqueal, sendo o recém-nascido acompanhado até 7 dias após a extubação. O desmame e a extubação seguiu o protocolo da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) (presença de respiração espontânea regular e com reflexo de tosse, FiO2 < 40% para manter saturação 90%; pressão inspiratória entre 15 ­ 18 cmH2O; FR=15 a 20 ipm; pH > 7,25 mmHg e PaCO2 < 50 mmHg). RESULTADOS: Dos 20 recém-nascidos prematuros incluídos no estudo, 14 eram do sexo masculino, a média de idade gestacional foi de 28,9± 2,12 semanas e a média do peso ao nascimento foi 1069,5g ± 375,5. Em 75% dos casos, a intubação foi devido à síndrome do desconforto respiratório neonatal. Do total da amostra, 40% apresentaram. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos sucesso e falha na extubação, quanto aos dados ventilatórios e gasométricos analisados pré e pós extubação (p>0,05). Na regressão logística, observou-se que a fração inspirada de oxigênio (p= 0,03) e a pressão média de vias aéreas (p= 0,03) apresentaram significância como preditor para extubação. O tempo de uso da ventilação mecânica invasiva não apresentou significância estatística (p=0,06), para o desfecho avaliado. CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo, os parâmetros mínimos ventilatórios como FiO2 e MAP se relacionam diretamente com o sucesso da extubação, bem como estar atento às condições clínicas do paciente auxiliam a equipe a nortear o desmame e programar uma extubação mais criteriosa e segura.

INTRODUCTION: The benefits of mechanical ventilation in preterm infants are complemented by successful extraction. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate ventilatory and gasometric parameters before extubation and to identify possible factors that may contribute to the endotracheal extubation decision in preterm infants up to 32 weeks. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study. The study sample was selected in a non-probabilistic way. Preterm infants with a gestational age of up to 32 weeks and invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours were included. Exclusion criteria were newborns with malformations, heart disease, and those transferred to other hospitals before the first elective extubation. Weaning and extubation followed the protocol of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) (presence of regular spontaneous breathing with a cough reflex, FiO2 <40% to maintain 90% saturation; inspiratory pressure between 15-18 cmH2O; RR = 15 to 20 ipm; pH> 7.25 mmHg and PaCO2 <50 mmHg). The newborn was followed up to 7 days after extubation. RESULTS: 20 preterm newborns were included, in 75% of the cases intubation was due to neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Of the total sample, 40% were unsuccessful. In the logistic regression, it was observed that the inspired oxygen fraction (p = 0.03) and the mean airway pressure (p = 0.03) showed significance as a predictor of extubation. The time of use of invasive mechanical ventilation was not statistically significant (p = 0.06) for the evaluated result. CONCLUSION: In this study, ventilatory and blood gas parameters did not influence the success or failure outcome. However, these data associated with the patient's condition can help guide and schedule safer extubation.

Asociación de factores de riesgo independientes con fracaso posextubación en pacientes desconectados de la ventilación mecánica / Association of independent risk factors with post-extubation failure in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation weaning

Resumen Introducción: Aun con adecuado protocolo de desconexión de la ventilación mecánica (DVM), el procedimiento falla en 15 a 30 % de los casos. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre factores de riesgo independientes y fracaso posextubación en pacientes con DVM en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Método: Estudio de cohorte, longitudinal, prospectivo, analítico, que incluyó pacientes sometidos a ventilación mecánica por más de 24 horas y que fueron extubados. Se obtuvieron reportes preextubación de hemoglobina, albúmina, fósforo, índice cintura-cadera y puntuación SOFA. Se definió como fracaso de extubación al reinicio de la ventilación mecánica en 48 horas o menos. Resultados: Se extubaron 123 pacientes, 74 hombres (60 %); la edad promedio fue de 50 ± 18 años. Ocurrió fracaso de extubación en 37 (30 %). Como factores de riesgo independentes se asoció hipoalbuminemia en 29 (23.8 %, RR = 1.43, IC 95 % = 1.11-1.85) e hipofosfatemia en 18 (14.6 %, RR = 2.98, IC 95 % = 1.66-5.35); se observaron dos o más factores de riesgo independientes en 22.7 % (RR = 1.51, IC 95 % = 1.14-2.00). Conclusiones: Identificar los factores de riesgo independentes antes de la DVM puede ayudar a reducir el fracaso de la extubación y la morbimortalidad asociada.

Abstract Introduction: Even with an adequate mechanical ventilation weaning (MVW) protocol, the procedure fails in 15 to 30 % of cases. Objective: To assess the association between independent risk factors (IRFs) and post-extubation failure in patients undergoing MVW in an intensive care unit. Method: Longitudinal, prospective, analytical cohort study in patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours and who were extubated. Pre-extubation reports of hemoglobin, albumin, phosphorus, waist-hip ratio and SOFA score were obtained. Extubation failure was defined as resumption of mechanical ventilation within 48 hours or less. Results: 123 patients were extubated, out of whom 74 were males (60 %); average age was 50 ± 18 years. Extubation failure occurred in 37 (30 %). Hypoalbuminemia was associated as an independent risk factor in 29 (23.8 %, RR = 1.43, 95 % CI = 1.11-1.85) and hypophosphatemia was in 18 (14.6 %, RR = 2.98, 95 % CI = 1.66-5.35); two or more IRFs were observed in 22.7 % (RR = 1.51, 95 % CI = 1.14-2.00). Conclusions: Identifying independent risk factors prior to MVW can help reduce the risk of extubation failure and associated morbidity and mortality.

Improvement in Successful Extubation in Newborns After a Protocol-driven Approach: A Quality Improvement Initiative

Objective: To reduce extubation failure rate by implementing protocol-driven ventilation andextubation strategies. Methods: Quality improvement project in a level II neonatal care unitfrom April 2017 to January 2018. Ventilation and extubation protocols implemented from 1August, 2017. 18 ventilated newborns in the pre-protocol period, 16 in Plan-do-check-act(PDCA) cycle I and 17 in PDCA cycle II.Primary outcome wasextubation failure within thefirst 72 h of extubation. Results: Extubation failure rate reduced from 41.7% (pre-protocolperiod) to 23.8% (PDCA 1 and 2, OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.59, P = 0.21). Median time to firstextubation attempt significantly decreased (71.5 h to 38 h, P=0.046). Conclusions: Aprotocolized approach through quality improvement initiative demonstrated a sustainedimprovement in successful extubation with a significant reduction in the median time to firstextubation attempt in ventilated newborns

Medición del grosor diafragmático como parámetro predictivo para retiro de ventilación mecánica invasiva en pacientes de terapia intensiva / Diaphragmatic thickness measurement as a predictive parameter for removal invasive mechanical ventilation in intensive care patients / Medida do espessamento diafragmático como um parâmetro de predição para a remoção da ventilação mecânica invasiva em pacientes em terapia intensiva

Resumen: Introducción: La medición del engrosamiento diafragmático y el cambio de grosor en espiración e inspiración del mismo pueden utilizarse para predecir el éxito o fracaso en la extubación. Se evaluó la fracción de grosor diafragmático (FGD) por ultrasonido en pacientes de terapia intensiva y se comparó con índice de ventilación rápida superficial (VRS). Métodos: Los 65 pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva fueron reclutados prospectivamente en el Departamento de Medicina Crítica del Centro Médico ABC en un periodo de nueve meses, de agosto de 2015 a abril de 2016. La FGD se midió en la zona de aposición del diafragma al tórax en ambos hemitórax, utilizando un transductor de ultrasonido 4 MHz y el médico radiólogo realizó el procedimiento en todos los pacientes sin conocimiento de patologías. Los pacientes reclutados fueron sometidos a una prueba de respiración espontánea (PRE) cuando se reunieron los siguientes criterios: FiO2 <50%, la PEEP ≤ 5 cm de H2O, PaO2/FiO2 > 200, frecuencia respiratoria < 30 por minuto, ausencia de fiebre, neurológicamente alerta y sin el apoyo hemodinámico de vasopresores. Se calculó el porcentaje de cambio en FGD, siendo el final de la inspiración y el final de la espiración entre el final de la espiración en pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva en modalidad de ventilación presión soporte con progresión ventilatoria con fines de extubación. El éxito en la extubación se definió como respiración espontánea > 48 horas sin soporte ventilatorio después del retiro de tubo endotraqueal. Resultados: De los 65 pacientes reclutados, 23 (35.4%) fueron mujeres y 42 (64.6%) hombres, índice de masa corporal (IMC), de 25.83 (DE ± 4.19) todos fueron extubados en modalidad de ventilación presión soporte. La frecuencia de falla en la extubación fue de 21.5% y la mortalidad de 24.6%. Las variables asociadas a fracaso fueron valores de corte de FGD derecho 25.9%, FGD 23.1% izquierdo. Tiempo de ventilación mecánica en días con mediana de 4 (RIQ 3-6) versus 8.5 (RIQ 7-11), p < 0.001 y VRS con 68.2 ± 9.6 versus 53.9 ± 11.1, p < 0.001. Las variables obtenidas a partir de las mediciones USG fueron las siguientes: grosor diafragmático derecho al final de la espiración (RTEEx) 0.28 ± 0.05 cm, grosor diafragmático derecho al final de la inspiración (RTEI) 0.21 ± 0.05 cm, índice de grosor diafragmático derecho (RDTi) 0.76 ± 0.11 cm, índice de fracción diafragmática derecha (RDFi) 23.1 ± 10.7%. El valor predictivo positivo y el valor predictivo negativo fueron de 92 y 64%, respectivamente. El área bajo la curva ROC fue de 0.79 para FGD. Conclusiones: Las mediciones de grosor diafragmático por ultrasonido tanto VRS como de tiempo de ventilación mecánica son un parámetro útil para predecir el éxito o el fracaso de la extubación. Índice de ventilación rápida superficial (VRS) con una media de 57.0 ± 12.3 puntos. Este estudio demuestra que no hay relación entre falla a la extubación con EPOC, IMC y edad. La extubación es un procedimiento conjunto y entre más parámetros para extubación menor riesgo de presentar falla.

bstract: Introduction: By measuring diaphragmatic thickening and thickness change in expiration and inspiration, it can be used as a measure to predict the success or failure of extubation. The fraction of diaphragmatic thickness (FDT) was assessed by ultrasound in intensive care patients. Methods: 65 patients with invasive mechanical ventilation were recruited prospectively at the Department of Critical Care Medicine ABC Medical Center. The FDT was measured in the area of apposition of the diaphragm to the chest in both hemithorax, using an ultrasound transducer of 4 MHz. Patients underwent a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) when they met all the following criteria are: FiO2 < 50%, PEEP ≤ 5 cmH2O, PaO2/FiO2 > 200, respiratory rate < 30 per minute, absence of fever, neurologically alert and without hemodynamic vasopressor support. The percentage change in FDT was calculated between the end of expiration and end of inspiration in patients with invasive mechanical ventilation with pressure support ventilation mode, all patients with ventilatory progression purposes extubation. A successful extubation was defined as spontaneous breathing > 48 hours without ventilatory support after removal of the endotracheal tube. Results: We included data obtained from 65 patients, 23 (35.4%) women and 42 (64.6%) men, mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25.83 (SD ± 4.19). The frequency of extubation failure was 21.5%, and mortality 24.6%. The variables associated with failure were cut-off values of DTF right 25.9%, DTF 23.1% left. Time of mechanical ventilation in days with a median of 4 (RIQ 3-6) versus 8.5 (RIQ 7-11), p <0.001 and RSBI with 68.2 ± 9.6 versus 53.9 ± 11.1, p < 0.001. The variables obtained from USG measurements were as follows: right thickness at end expiration (RTEEx) 0.28 ± .05 cm, right thickness at end inspiration (RTEIs) 0.21 ± .05 cm, right diaphragmal thickness (RDTi) 0.76 ± 0.11 cm, right diaphragmatic fraction index (RDFi) 23.1 ± 10.7%. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 92 and 64%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.79 for DTF. Conclusions: Diaphragmatic thickness measurements by ultrasound can be a useful parameter to predict the success or failure of extubation during ventilatory progression in patients with invasive mechanical ventilation. Rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) with a mean of 57.0 ± 12.3 points. This study demonstrates that there is no relation between failure to extubation with COPD, BMI and age. Extubation is a joint procedure and the more parameters for extubation, the lower the risk of failure.

Resumo: Introdução: Ao medir o espessamento do diafragma e a mudança da espessura na exalação e inalação da mesma, pode ser usado como uma medida para prever o sucesso ou a falha da extubação. Avaliou-se a fração de espessamento do diafragma (FED) por meio de ultra-som em doentes na terapia intensiva e se comparou com o índice de respiração superficial e rápida (IRRS). Métodos: Os 65 pacientes com ventilação mecânica invasiva foram recrutados no departamento de medicina crítica do Centro Médico ABC em um período de 9 meses, agosto de 2015 abril de 2016. A FED foi medida na zona de aposição do diafragma ao tórax, em ambos hemitórax, usando um transdutor de ultra-som de 4 MHz e realizou-se por um radiologista em todos os doentes, sem saber as patologias do paciente. Os pacientes recrutados foram submetidos a teste de respiração espontânea (TRE) quando os seguintes critérios foram reunidos: FiO2 < 50%, PEEP ≤ 5 cmH2O, PaO2/FiO2 > 200, frequência respiratória < 30 por minuto, afebril, neurologicamente alerta e sem suporte hemodinâmico de vasopressores. Calculou-se a percentagem de alteração na FED, sendo o final da inspiração e o final da expiração entre o final da expiração, em pacientes com ventilação mecânica invasiva em modo ventilação de pressão suporte com progressão ventilatória com fins de extubação. A extubação bem sucedida foi definida como espontâneos de respiração > 48 horas sem suporte ventilatório após a remoção do tubo endotraqueal. Resultados: Dos 65 pacientes recrutados, 23 (35.4%) mulheres e 42 (64.6%) homens, índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 25.83 (± SD 4.19) todos foram extubados no modo ventilação de pressão suporte. A frequência de falha na extubação foi de 21.5% e mortalidade de 24.6%. As variáveis associadas ao fracasso foram valores de corte da FED direito 25.9%, FED 23.1% esquerdo. Tempo de ventilação mecânica em dias com uma mediana de 4 (IQR 3-6) vs. 8.5 (IQR 7-11), p < 0.001 e VRS com 68.2 ± 9.6 vs 53.9 ± vs 11.1, p < 0.001. Conclusões: As medições da espessura diafragmática por ultra-som tanto de RSV como o tempo de ventilação mecânica é um parâmetro útil para prever o sucesso ou a falha da extubação. Este estudo demonstra que não há relação entre pacientes com EPOC, IMC, idade e falha na extubação. A extubação é um procedimento conjunto e entre mais parâmetros para extubação menor o risco de apresentar falha.

Manejo del fracaso de la extubación en la unidad de terapia intensiva pediátrica / Management of extubation failure in the pediatric intensive care unit / Gestão de falha de extubação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica

El fracaso de la extubación es la incapacidad de tolerar el retiro del tubo endotraqueal con necesidad de reintubación. Puede ser causada por la obstrucción de la vía aérea superior y por la aspiración o la incapacidad de manejar las secreciones, factores que se evidencian al retirar el tubo. La reintubación por fracaso respiratorio post-extubación debe ser evitada en lo posible, ya que aumenta el riesgo de neumonía asociada al respirador, la estancia hospitalaria y en terapia intensiva, y la morbimortalidad. Describimos el manejo del fracaso de la extubación de causa laríngea en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva de un hospital pediátrico.

Extubation failure is the inability to tolerate removal of the endotracheal tube with subsequent reintubation. It can be caused by obstruction of the upper airway and aspiration or inadequate clearance of airway secretion, factors that become evident when removing the tube. Reintubation due to postextubation respiratory failure should be avoided if possible because it increases the risk of ventilator associated pneumonia, hospital and intensive care unit stay, and morbidity and mortality. We describe the management of failed extubation due to laryngeal cause in the Intensive Care Unit of a pediatric hospital.

Falha de extubação é a incapacidade de tolerar a remoção do tubo endotraqueal na necessidade de reintubação. Ela pode ser causada por obstrução das vias aéreas superiores e aspiração ou incapacidade para lidar com secreções, factores que são evidentes para remover o tubo. Reintubação devido a insuficiência respiratória pós-extubação deve ser evitada, se possível, porque aumenta o risco de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica, permanência hospitalar e terapia, morbidade e mortalidade. Nós descrevemos a gestão de extubação falhou devido à causa da laringe na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital pediátrico.

Falla de extubación en la Terapia Intensiva de un Hospital Universitario. Estudio retrospectivo / Failure of extubation in the Intensive therapy of a University Hospital. study retrospective

Introducción: Aproximadamente un 40% del tiempo que un paciente está en ventilación mecánica corresponde al proceso de destete. La tasa de falla de extubación planeada es del 2-25%. La reintubación y su demora se asocian a complicaciones que incrementan la tasa de mortalidad y de la estancia en las Unidades cerrada y hospitalaria. Objetivo: Conocer la tasa de falla de extubación y analizar las características de estos pacientes en la Terapia Intensiva de un Hospital universitario. Pacientes y Métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes >18 años que ingresaron en la Terapia Intensiva del Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín" entre junio de 2013 y mayo de 2014, que fueron extubados de forma planeada y recibieron ventilación mecánica invasiva, por lo menos, 12 horas. Resultados: Se analizaron 139 pacientes. La tasa de falla de extubación fue del 14,4%. El grupo que falló presentó una media de tiempo hasta la reintubación de 18,2 h (DE ± 13.4). La neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica fue mayor en el grupo de falla (p = 0,001), al igual que los días de ventilación mecánica (p = 0,05), la estancia en terapia intensiva (p = 0,05), la mortalidad en terapia intensiva (p = 0,008) y hospitalaria (p = 0,003). Conclusiones: La tasa de falla de extubación coincide con lo reportado en la bibliografía. Los pacientes que fallaron tuvieron tasas mayores de neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica, de días de ventilación mecánica, de estancia en terapia intensiva, y de mortalidad en terapia intensiva y hospitalaria (AU)

Introduction: Approximately 40% of the time that a patient is mechanically ventilated is dedicated to the weaning process. The failure rate of planned extubation is 2-25%. Reintubation delay and extubation failure are associated with poor clinical outcomes, including an increase in the mortality rate and prolonged hospital and Intensive Care Unit stay. Objective: To analyze the extubation failure rate and determine the impact of extubation failure on patient outcomes in a University Hospital. Patients and Methods: Patients >18 years old admitted to Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", between June 2013 and May 2014, who have receive mechanic ventilation for more than 12 hours, and with planned extubation. Results: A total of 139 patients were studied. Extubation failure rate was 14.4%. The mean time to reintubation of the group that failed was 18.2 hours (SD ± 13.4). Mechanical ventilation-associated pneumonia was greater in the failure group (p = 0.001), as well as days with the mechanical ventilation (p = 0.05), the Intensive Care Unit stay (p = 0.05), the Intensive Care Unit mortality rate (p = 0.008) and the hospital mortality rate (p = 0.003). Conclusions: The extubation failure rate coincides with that reported in the literature. Patients who failed had greater rates of mechanical ventilation-associated pneumonia, mechanical ventilated days, intensive care unit stay, and Intensive Care Unit and hospital mortality (AU)

Clinical analysis of extubation failure in critically ill patients with tracheotomy / 中国中西医结合急救杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical features of extubation failure in critically ill patients with tracheotomy in order to improve the success rate of tracheal extubation.Methods The clinical data of 52 critically ill patients with tracheotomy admitted to the Department of Emergency Internal Medicine of Chizhou People's Hospital of Anhui Province from January 2014 to January 2017 were retrospectively analyzed; there were 14 cases in failed extubation group (extubation failure: unable to plug the pipe, necessary to be cut or intubated again), and 38 cases were in successful extubation group (success criteria: after trying plugging the pipe for 24 - 48 hours, pulling out sleeving tube of tracheal incision, the incision healed well, within 3 months no dyspnea or pulmonary infection necessary to again performing tracheal intubation or incision). The differences in gender, age, within 3 days before plugging the pipe the consciousness, cough condition, the levels of serum albumin (Alb), serum potassium and serum sodium, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), hemoglobin (Hb) were compared between the two groups, the clinical characteristics of extubation failure were analyzed, and the descriptions and their numbers for all diseases resulting in extubation failure were carried out.Results The number of conscious patients (24 cases vs. 4 cases), and the number of patients with good cough function (38 cases vs. 3 cases) were obviously more in successful extubation group than those in the failed extubation group, and the levels of serum Alb (g/L: 35.13±3.13 vs. 27.50±5.53), Hb (g/L: 112.18±13.62 vs. 94.14±17.03) in successful extubation group were significantly higher than those in failed extubation group (allP< 0.05). BNP was significantly lower in successful extubation group than that in failed extubation group (ng/L: 344.03±152.85 vs. 5887.80±2695.97,P < 0.05). The common diseases in extubation failure group were as follows: stroke in 7 cases, special severe craniocerebral injury 3 cases, respiratory failure 3 cases, after cardiac pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) operation 1 case.Conclusions The patients are fully assessed before extubation, countermeasures are taken as soon as possible in cases with coma, cough capability poor, hypoproteinemia, heart dysfunction and anemia in order to improve the successful rate of extubation.

Influence factors of extubation failure following surgical repair of congenital heart defects in infants / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors of extubation failure following surgical repair of congenital heart defects (CHD) in infants.Methods Infantile patients who underwent surgical repair of CHD under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from January 2015 to October 2016 were included.According to results of extubation,the patients were divided into the extubation failure group and extubation success group.Clinical and laboratory data were collected and analyzed,including age,gender,body mass,the types of congenital heart disease,extracorporeal circulation time and the use of vasoactive drug,et al.Results Sixty cases were enrolled in this study.Among them 12 cases (7 males,5 females with the boy to girl ratio of 1.4 ∶ 1.0,and average age was 0.56 years old) were in the extubation failure group,in which 3 cases (25.0％)aged ＜3 months,5 cases(41.6％) aged 3-6 months.Eight cases(66.7％) weighed ≤5 kg and 4 cases(33.3％)weighed ＞ 5-10 kg.Forty-eight cases (27 males,21 females;the boy to girl ratio was 1.2 ∶ 1.0 and average age was 1.15 years old) were in the extubation success group.The distribution of age and body weight were significantly lower in the extubation failure group than those in the extubation success group [0.42 (0.37) years old vs.1.00 (1.08)years old,Z=-3.22,P＜0.01;5.00 (1.25) kgvs.8.40 (3.95) kg,Z=-3.57,P＜0.01].The durations of CPB and mechanical ventilation until the initial extubation were significantly longer in the extubation failure group than those in the extubation group [114.0 (110.O) minutes vs.80.0 (45.0) minutes,Z =1.59,P ＜ 0.05;142.5 (229.5)hours vs.14.0 (48.9) hours,Z =2.00,P ＜ 0.05].The incidences of airway spasm and pulmonary infection had no difference between the 2 groups (x2 =4.00,5.54,all P ＞ 0.05).Multiple Logistic regression showed thatthe duration of CPB was an independent risk factor of extubation failure [odds ratio (OR) =0.967,95％ CI:0.956-0.997,P =0.024].Conclusions The risk factors of extubation failure include young age,low body weight,and prolonged CPB and mechanical ventilation.CPB time is an independent risk factor of extubation failure following cardiac surgery in infants.

Influence factors of extubation failure following surgical repair of congenital heart defects in infants / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors of extubation failure following surgical repair of congenital heart defects (CHD) in infants.Methods Infantile patients who underwent surgical repair of CHD under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from January 2015 to October 2016 were included.According to results of extubation,the patients were divided into the extubation failure group and extubation success group.Clinical and laboratory data were collected and analyzed,including age,gender,body mass,the types of congenital heart disease,extracorporeal circulation time and the use of vasoactive drug,et al.Results Sixty cases were enrolled in this study.Among them 12 cases (7 males,5 females with the boy to girl ratio of 1.4 ∶ 1.0,and average age was 0.56 years old) were in the extubation failure group,in which 3 cases (25.0％)aged ＜3 months,5 cases(41.6％) aged 3-6 months.Eight cases(66.7％) weighed ≤5 kg and 4 cases(33.3％)weighed ＞ 5-10 kg.Forty-eight cases (27 males,21 females;the boy to girl ratio was 1.2 ∶ 1.0 and average age was 1.15 years old) were in the extubation success group.The distribution of age and body weight were significantly lower in the extubation failure group than those in the extubation success group [0.42 (0.37) years old vs.1.00 (1.08)years old,Z=-3.22,P＜0.01;5.00 (1.25) kgvs.8.40 (3.95) kg,Z=-3.57,P＜0.01].The durations of CPB and mechanical ventilation until the initial extubation were significantly longer in the extubation failure group than those in the extubation group [114.0 (110.O) minutes vs.80.0 (45.0) minutes,Z =1.59,P ＜ 0.05;142.5 (229.5)hours vs.14.0 (48.9) hours,Z =2.00,P ＜ 0.05].The incidences of airway spasm and pulmonary infection had no difference between the 2 groups (x2 =4.00,5.54,all P ＞ 0.05).Multiple Logistic regression showed thatthe duration of CPB was an independent risk factor of extubation failure [odds ratio (OR) =0.967,95％ CI:0.956-0.997,P =0.024].Conclusions The risk factors of extubation failure include young age,low body weight,and prolonged CPB and mechanical ventilation.CPB time is an independent risk factor of extubation failure following cardiac surgery in infants.

Successful Extubation After Weaning Failure by Noninvasive Ventilation in Patients With Neuromuscular Disease: Case Series

OBJECTIVE: To report successful cases of extubation from invasive mechanical ventilation at our institution using pulmonary rehabilitation consisting of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in neuromuscular patients with experience of reintubation. METHODS: Patients who experienced extubation failure via the conventional weaning strategy but afterwards had extubation success via NIV were studied retrospectively. Continuous end-tidal CO₂ (ETCO₂) and pulse oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO₂) monitoring were performed. Extubation success was defined as a state not requiring invasive mechanical ventilation via endotracheal tube or tracheotomy during a period of at least 5 days. RESULTS: A total of 18 patients with ventilatory failure who initially experienced extubation failure were finally placed under part-time NIV after extubation. No patient had any serious or long-term adverse effect from NIV, and all patients left the hospital alive. CONCLUSION: NIV may promote successful weaning in neuromuscular patients with experience of reintubation.

An Evaluation Protocol of the Upper Airway for Pediatric Patients with Stridor or Extubation Failure / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adequate evaluation of the upper airway is critical in the management of pediatric patients with stridor or extubation failure. For this purpose, we designed an evaluation protocol of the upper airway for these patients, in collaboration with Dept. of Pediatrics, Intensive care team and Anesthesiology. Here we present the clinical results of our evaluation protocol and provide information about the etiology and management of the upper airway problems. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Clinical data of 380 pediatric patients (M:F=231:149) having airway evaluation for their problems (stridor or extubation failure) were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, patients of age less than 3 months ranked first (30.0%). Comorbidities of pulmonary diseases (30.8%) and cardiovascular diseases (29.5%) were found. The pre and post-evaluation diagnosis, management and prognosis were evaluated and the usefulness of an airway evaluation protocol was discussed. RESULTS: Frequent pre-evaluation diagnoses were subglottic stenosis (55.2%), laryngomalacia (12.6%) and tracheal stenosis (9.2%) and these were changed to subglottic stenosis (44.5%), laryngomalacia (9.7%), tracheal stenosis (6.6%) and no abnormality (14.5%). Particularly, 50% of pre-diagnosis laryngomalacia, 25% of subglottic stenosis and 37% of tracheal stenosis were corrected to other causes by airway evaluation. The procedures were exam only (41.6%), endoscopic dilatation (20.8%) and tracheostomy (17.9%). In 190 out of 380 (50.0%), extubation was successful, but 151 patients (39.7%) had tracheostomy tube. CONCLUSION: Adequate evaluation of the upper airway in pediatric patients with stridor or extubation failure can facilitate the diagnosis and management of their problems.

A prospective randomized controlled trial of nasal bilevel positive airway pressure facilitating extubation in pre-mature infant with RDS / 临床儿科杂志

Objectives To assess the efifcacy of nasal bilevel positive airway pressure (nBiPAP) in preventing extuba-tion failure of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants. Methods Premature infants (≤32 weeks) diagnosed as RDS and treated with mechanical ventilation, admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from January 2011 to June 2012, were enrolled in the prospective controlled trial. Fifty-six infants receiving non-invasive ventilation due to unrelieved expiratory dyspnea after the ifrst extubation were selected, and were randomly divided into nBiPAP group (n=27) and nCPAP group (n=29). Blood gas analysis before and after non-invasive ventilation, the failure rate of non-invasive venti-lation in seven days and the incidence of various complications were compared between two groups. Results The blood gas analysis for the ifrst time after extubation suggested that infants treated with nBiPAP had a higher PaO2 level ((58.7±6.3) vs. (55.1±5.9) mmHg, P<0.05) and lower PaCO2 level ((46.4±4.9) vs. (49.9±5.0) mmHg, P<0.05) than those treated with nCPAP. Infants treated with nBiPAP had lower incidence of extubation failure in seven days than infants treated with nCPAP (7.4%vs. 31.0%, P=0.042). The incidence of complications between two groups was similar. Conclusions nBiPAP is safe and fea-sible for preventing extubation failure in preterm infants≤32 weeks with RDS and is more effective than nCPAP.

Uso de VNI en una unidad de cuidados intensivos cardiovasculares pediátricos. Factores de riesgo asociados al fracaso / Use of NIV in a pediatric cardiovascular intensive care unit. Risk factors associated with failure

Objetivo: Describir el uso de Ventilación No Invasiva (VNI) en pacientes internados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) cardiovascular (CCV) pediátrica e identificar factores de riesgo que lleven al fracaso, definido como requerimiento de ARM a las 72 hs. Diseño: Estudio observacional analítico, de cohorte retrospectiva. Material y Método: Se estudiaron 340 niños internados en UCI 35 del Hospital Garrahan durante el período 2005-2008 con indicación de VNI por insuficiencia cardiaca (IC), como rescate en el fallo post-extubación y como destete de ARM: se registraron datos demográficos, período pre (PREQ) o postquirúrgico (POP), tipo de interfase, la presencia de atelectasias (ATL), paresia diafragmática (PD), hipertensión pulmonar (HTP), infecciones, defecto residual quirúrgico (DR), lesiones cutáneas (LC), disfunción ventricular (DV), síndromes genéticos (SG), y obstrucción de vías aéreas superiores (VAS), tiempo de exposición a la VNI y fracaso de la VNI. Se utilizó fuente de datos primarios, las variables continuas fueron tratadas con Test de Student o Wilcoxon de acuerdo a su distribución, las variables categóricas con Chi2, se realizó análisis de regresión logística univariado (ARLU) con Wald Test y para el control simultáneo de confundidores, análisis de regresión logística multivariado (ARLM). En todos los casos se tomó como punto de corte 0,05 para asociación estadísticamente significativa (AES). Resultados: Se estudiaron 182 niñas y 158 varones, edad mediana 4,2 meses (r 0,5-216), peso mediana 4,7 kilos(r 2- 64). En el período prequirúrgico (PREQ) 20 y 320 en post quirúrgico(POP). La indicación más frecuente: destete en un 86,76%, la interfase más utilizada fue la cánula nasal (CN) 99,71%, el tiempo de VNI fue de 1 a 11 días con una mediana de 2 días. Se presentaron lesiones cutáneas en un 5,29% y se consideró fracaso en un 17,65%. En el modelo de regresión logística multivariado (MRLM), fueron identificadas como factores de riesgo de fracaso: ATL OR: 2,99 (IC 95%1,23-7,25); edad<=6meses OR: 3,50 (IC95% 1,59-7,73); infecciones OR: 6,93 (IC95% 1,77-27,14); DV, OR: 10,88 (IC 95% 4,44-26,68); el tener obstrucción de VAS OR: 11,66 (IC 95% 4,47-26,68) Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo que explicaron el fracaso de la VNI en el MRLM fueron la presencia de atelectasia, la edad menor o igual a seis meses, las comorbilidades infecciosas, así como la disfunción ventricular y la obstrucción de VAS. Si bien faltan aún estudios controlados en pediatría, la consideramos una alternativa terapéutica de soporte respiratorio útil y en expansión tanto en el periodo pre como en el post quirúrgico de CCV pediátrica y neonatal (AU)

Objective: To assess the use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in patients in the pediatric cardiovascular intensive care unit (ICU) and to identify risk factors that lead to failure, defined as need for mechanical respiratory assistance within 72 hours. Study design: An observational analytical retrospective cohort study. Material and Methods: We studied 340 children with heart failure hospitalized in the ICU 35 of the Garrahan Hospital between 2005 and 2008 who needed NIV as rescue therapy for post-extubation failure and weaning from mechanical respiration. Demographic data, pre- or postsurgical period, type of interface, presence of atelectasis, diaphragmatic paresis, pulmonary hypertension, infections, residual defect, skin lesions, ventricular dysfunction, genetic syndromes, and upper respiratory tract obstruction, time of NIV exposure and NIV failure were recorded. A primary data source was used. According to their distribution, the continuous variables were analyzed uzing the Student's t test or the Wilcoxon test and for categorical variables the Chi-square test was used. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed using the Wald Test and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to simultaneously control for confounding factors. In all cases, p< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: 182 girls and 158 boys with a mean age of 4.2 months (r 0.5-216) and a mean weight of 4.7 kg (r 2- 64) were studied. The period was presurgical in 10 and postsurgical in 320. The most frequent indication was weaning (86.76%), the most-frequently used interface was a nasal tube (99.71%), and time on NIV was between 1 and 11 days with a median of 2 days. Skin lesion were observed in 5.29% and NIV was considered a failure in 17.65%. In the model of multivariate logistic regression the following risk factors were identified: atelectasis, OR: 2.99 (95% CI 1.23-7.25); age ≤ 6 months OR: 3.50 (95% CI 1.59- 7.73); infections, OR: 6.93 (95% CI 1.77-27.14); ventricular dysfunction, OR: 10.88 (95% CI 4.44-26.68); upper respiratory tract obstruction, OR: 11,66 (95% CI 4.47-26.68). Conclusions: Risk factors for NIV failure found with the multivariate logistic regression model were the presence of atelectasis, age ≤ 6 months, infectious comorbidities, as well as ventricular dysfunction and upper respiratory tract obstruction. Although controlled trials are lacking in the pediatric population, we consider NIV to be a useful therapeutic alternative for respiratory support both pre- and postsurgically in pediatric and neonatal cardiovascular disease (AU)

Clinical risk factors associated with extubation failure in ventilated neonates.

We conducted this study to find out the incidence of extubation failure (EF) in ventilated neonates and associated clinical risk factors. Eighty two ventilated neonates were followed up to 48 hours post-extubation to look for EF. Twenty two babies (26.8%) had EF. The common risk factors for EF were presence of patent ductus arteriosus, post-extubation lung collapse and acquired pneumonia. The duration of ventilation, and maximum and pre-extubation alveolar arterial oxygen gradients (AaDO2) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in EF group. The incidence of sepsis (P=0.034), anemia (P=0.004) and pneumonia (P=0.001) were significantly higher in EF group. Detection of significant PDA and adequate post extubation care may help to reduce rate of extubation failure in neonates.

Incidência e principais fatores associados à falha de extubação em recém-nascidos com peso de nascimento < 1.250 gramas / Incidence and main risk factors associated with extubation failure in newborns with birth weight < 1.250 grams

OBJETIVOS: Determinar a incidência de falha de extubação em recém-nascidos prematuros com peso de nascimento < 1.250 g extubados para pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas nasais e identificar os principais fatores de risco que possam estar associados à necessidade de reintubação nessa população. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva dos prontuários de pacientes internados e ventilados mecanicamente durante o período de julho de 2002 a junho de 2004. Falha na extubação foi definida como necessidade de reintubação nos primeiros 7 dias após a primeira tentativa de extubação. RESULTADOS: Entre 52 pacientes estudados, 13 faleceram antes da primeira tentativa de extubação. Do restante, apenas nove falharam na extubação (23,1 por cento). Comparando esses recém-nascidos com aqueles extubados com sucesso, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação a peso de nascimento, idade gestacional e escore de Apgar no 5º minuto. Após a regressão logística, apenas a idade gestacional se manteve significativa. Alguns resultados secundários também foram significativamente diferentes: incidência de hemorragia intracraniana graus III e/ou IV, persistência do canal arterial e óbito. CONCLUSÕES: Nosso estudo demonstrou uma incidência de falha na extubação semelhante à da literatura. O principal fator de risco para falha nessa população foi a prematuridade (≤ 28 semanas). Nesses prematuros extremos, a implementação de estratégias para extubação precoce, o uso de metilxantinas, a prevenção da abertura do canal arterial e o uso de outros métodos de assistência ventilatória pós-extubação podem contribuir para a melhora desses resultados.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of extubation failure in preterm newborns with birth weight < 1,250 g extubated to nasal continuous positive airway pressure and to identify the main risk factors associated with the need for reintubation in this population. METHODS: A retrospective review of eligible infants admitted and mechanically ventilated between July 2002 and June 2004 was performed. Extubation failure was defined as the need for reintubation within 7 days after the first extubation attempt. RESULTS: Of the 52 patients included in the study, 13 died before the first extubation attempt. Of the remaining 39 patients, only nine failed extubation (23.1 percent) Comparing the two groups (failure vs. successful), there was a statistically significant difference regarding birth weight, gestational age and 5-minute Apgar score. After logistic regression, only gestational age was significant. Other secondary outcomes showed significant difference between the groups: intracranial hemorrhage grade III and/or IV, patent ductus arteriosus and death. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of extubation failure in our population was similar to the rate reported in the literature. The main risk factor for extubation failure was prematurity (≤ 28 weeks). In this population of extreme preterm infants, implementation of strategies for early extubation, use of methylxanthines, prevention of patent ductus arteriosus, and use of different modes of assisted ventilation after extubation may improve the outcomes.

O uso do teste de escape do balonete como fator preditor de laringoespasmo: [revisão] / The use of the cuff leak test as a factor to predict laryngospasm: [review]

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O desmame da ventilação mecânica é um desafio na prática da unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e está relacionado a diversas complicações. Uma dessas complicações relaciona-se ao laringoespasmo pós-extubação, evento que muitas vezes pode ser previsto através do teste de escape do balonete (TEB). O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar que o TEB é um método simples, confiável e de baixo custo para avaliar o grau de obstrução de via aérea superior em pacientes no processo de desmame da ventilação mecânica. CONTEÚDO: Foi realizada revisão sistemática da literatura através das bases de dados MedLine, SciElo e LILACS com publicações entre 1995 e 2007. Os artigos incluídos abordaram o uso do teste do balonete como índice preditivo para laringoespasmo e falha na extubação traqueal. Não fizeram parte estudos com animais e revisões bibliográficas. Procurou-se relacionar o TEB com tempo de ventilação mecânica, idade e grupos específicos de pacientes que se beneficiaram com a técnica. CONCUSÕES: O TEB pode ser considerado bom índice preditivo para identificar a presença de laringoespasmo pós-extubação, quando levadas em consideração as características da população estudada.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Weaning patients from mechanical ventilation is a challenge in the intensive care unit (ICU) practice and is related to some complications. One of these is the pos-extubation laryngospasm, an event that can be anticipated for the cuff leak test (CLT). The objective was demonstrate that the CLT is a simple, reliable and low costs method to available the presence of obstruction in high airway in patients under weaning ventilator. CONTENTS: It was made a systematic review in databases MedLine, SciElo and LILACS with articles from 1995 to 2007. The selected studies focused the use of the CLT to predict laryngospasm and extubation failure. It was excluded studies with animals and others literature reviews. It was looked correlates the CLT with mechanical ventilation's days, age and specific groups that could beneficiates with the application of this technique. CONCLUSIONS: The CLT can be considerate a good index to predict laryngospasm pos-extubation, when considerate the studied population characteristics.

Factores predictores de falla en la extubación en recién nacidos de pretérmino / Predictive factors of failure extubation among preterm infants

Objetivo: Determinar los factores que originan la falla en la extubación en recién nacidos de pretérmino (RNPT). Material y métodos: Se consideró falla en la extubación cuando hubo necesidad de reintubar al paciente en las primeras 72 horas. Se estudiaron en forma prospectiva a los RNPT críticamente enfermos que habían estado con asistencia mecánica ventilatoria durante por lo menos 24 horas. Se integraron 2 grupos: un grupo A (casos) con RNPT que tuvieron fallas en la primera extubación y un grupo B (control) con RNPT que no tuvieron fallas en la extubación. Se consideró zona de significancia con p menor a 0.05. Resultados: La edad gestacional y el peso al nacer mostraron diferencias significativas a favor del grupo B (control). Los factores que mostraron significancia en el análisis multivariado, fueron la edad gestacional (< 32 semanas), el aporte calórico (≤ 100 cal/Kg/ día) y la presión media de vías aéreas (PMVA) (≥ 4.5 cm H2O). Conclusiones: De acuerdo con lo encontrado en este estudio, antes de realizar la extubación habrá que considerar si el RNPT tiene menos de 32 semanas de edad gestacional, por lo menos un aporte calórico superior a 100 cal/Kg/día y una PMVA en el ventilador menor a 4.5 cm H2O.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors that lead to extubation failure among preterm newborns (PTN). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Failure was determined when patients had to be reintubated during the first 72 hours. Critically-ill preterm newborns needing mechanical assisted ventilation at least during 24 hours were studied prospectively. Two groups were included: Group A, who failed in extubation for the first time and Group B, a control group who did not fail. Significance was set a p <0.05. RESULTS: Gestational age and birth weight showed significant differences in Group B (control group). Significant factors in the multivariate analysis were gestational age < 32 weeks, caloric intake < or = 100 calories/kg/day and mean airway pressure (MAP) > or = [corrected] 4.5 cm H2O. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, an extubation should be planned whenever a patient is a PTN, has a gestational age of <32 weeks, a caloric intake >100 cal/kg/day, and its ventilator MAP is <4.5 cm H2O.

Risk Factors of Extubation Failure and Analysis of Cuff Leak Test as a Predictor for Postextubation Stridor / 결핵및호흡기질환

BACKGROUND: Extubation failure was associated with poor prognosis and high hospital mortality. Cuff leak test (CLT) has been proposed as a relatively simple method for detecting laryngeal obstruction that predispose toward postextubation stridor (PES) and reintubation. We examined the risk factors of extubation failure and evaluated the usefulness and limitation of CLT for predicting PES and reintubation. METHODS: Thirty-four consecutive patients intubated more than 24 hours were examined. The subjects were evaluated daily for extubation readiness, and CLT was performed prior to extubation. Several parameters in the extubation success and failure group were compared. The accuracy and limitation of CLT were evaluated after choosing the thresholds values of the cuff leak volume (CLV) and percentage (CLP). RESULTS: Of the 34 patients studied, 6 (17.6%) developed extubation failure and 3 (8.8%) were accompanied by PES. The patients who had extubation failure were more likely to have a longer duration of intubation and more severe illness. The patients who developed PES had a smaller cuff leak than the others: according to the CLV (22.5+/-23.8 vs 233.3+/-147.1ml, p=0.020) or CLP (6.2+/-7.3 vs 44.3+/-24.7%, p=0.013). The best cut off values for the CLV and CLP were 50ml and 14.7%, respectively. The sensitivity, negative predictive value, and specificity of CLT were relatively high, but the positive predictive value was low. CONCLUSION: The likelihood of developing extubation failure increases with increasing severity of illness and duration of intubation. A low CLV or CLP (<50ml or 14.7%) is useful in identifying patients at risk of PES, but the CLT is not an absolute predictor and should not be used an indicator for delaying extubation.